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"content" : "[applause] It's, it's, it's #er a pleasure to be here with you folks. [breath] #er I, #er you know, when, when I was invited to do this I, [breath] I was #er reluctant and hesitant because I knew nothing about the corporate world. #um"
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"content" : "I #er #er work between undergraduate #er #er years in graduate school, I worked in public health for a couple of years, #er working in HIV prevention in San Francisco."
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"content" : "So my, my, my experience outside of academia is limited to public health and very limited at that. [breath] #um So it's it's fascinating for me to be here and to see"
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"content" : "what this act of translation will be like my [breath] translating my work and the teaching interest that I have with you folks, #um who definitely are #um very much #er #er will be taking on the students that I am actually teaching."
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"content" : "And so in my own teaching and research interests, what I'm fascinated by, [breath] #um and what drives my work is the question of how Latinos came into being the history of Latinos, [breath] and how it is specifically that Latin Americans become Latinos. #um [breath]"
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"content" : "And I do this by so so I think very historically in my own work, but I'm most fascinated in the question of writing. [breath] Why do Latinos write? When did they start writing? And what does writing means to them? And for me, when I teach this to my students,"
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"content" : "#er I think about literature that, of course, literature is the easiest thing #er #er that we can turn to we think about novels, plays, fiction, but that history of those genres have their own unique history."
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"content" : "They did not just emerge out of nowhere. #um And so I'm interested in thinking about writing much more expansively, right, looking at archival materials, looking at letters looking at memoirs, because if you look at the nineteenth century, there are very few novels written by Latinos."
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"content" : "Right. So in my own archival research, I then turned to the archive, #um to exact, to study how this history of writing began to transform and change so that we then had by the late nineteenth century,"
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"content" : "#er identifiable genres of as the Latino novel. #um And so what I'm interested in in terms of literature that I tell my students that literature does four things, and not just literature, but I think we could say that about cultural production in general."
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"content" : "Right cultural production for us today. So before the twentieth century, all people had access to was whatever they could read, or whatever they heard from other people, right before you had the advent of technology for the masses that is,"
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"content" : "#er but today, we can include movies on that as part of a cultural #er production music, definitely the internet. And the four things that it does that I say tell my students that literature does is that it definitely the first one is that it should entertain,"
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"content" : "right, it should be good, it should be moving, fascinating. A second thing that literature and writing does is that gives us a model of what I described as sociability,"
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"content" : "the way we should engage with other people. We read that in a novel we think about how the characters interact with one another. #um The third thing that that literature does, is that it gives us a model and this is probably one of the most beautiful things, it gives us a model of interiority,"
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"content" : "right. The way we can think about ourselves, we read about a character, or we see a character in a movie. And we see how they react about their talk about their own feelings or relationships with other people. And we are giving other models to think about ourselves as well."
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"content" : "And so our own vocabulary, the way we think about ourselves is expanded and enrich that much more. #um The fourth thing that I tell my students that literature does is it tries to capture this really ineffable quality that we can describe as"
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"content" : "as the divine, this sense of being moved by something that is incredibly both beautiful, both either aesthetically, but also maybe because it's incredibly insightful. But maybe perhaps the easiest way to think about it is that when you read something or see a movie, and you're moved to tears,"
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"content" : "right, your world is just shaking completely and you see the world completely differently, and not just in a rational way, but in an emotional kind of way. So these are the qualities that I am looking for when I do my own archival research #um"
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"content" : "and so, #er and this is what I emphasize. But today what I wanna talk about specifically and share with you, #um is to talk about this the history of Latinos, and specifically, two different racial models that we might have when we we"
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"content" : "when we think about Latinos #um in the United States, and how they might contribute to diversity. But first, I'm gonna give you some definitions for some terms, especially #er #er with my students, one thing that comes up often is"
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"content" : "the the terminology that is associated when we talk about demography, and Latinos, right. #er One is what are Latin Americans, right? [breath] How do we define what a Latin American is? And the way we think about in the, #er in the academy,"
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"content" : "#er the definition for Latin Americans is those people who are from the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas, right. There is a lot of it's Brazil, including so that would include Brazil into this definition,"
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"content" : "despite the fact that Brazil has long resisted that term of being #er put under the the umbrella term of of Latin American. #um For, #er the second term that I wanted to define is that of Latinos,"
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"content" : "#er Latinos, and I would, #er I would define that as people who come from communities, Spanish American communities who live in the United States, and have experienced the process of racialization."
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"content" : "Right. So the distinction here between Latin Americans and Latinos is that Latinos have been raised and live in the US. And they've experienced in various kinds of ways the process, #er #er process of what sociologists describe"
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"content" : "as racialization. And in the US, the largest communities that fall under this group of Latinos are those of #er mexican descent, those of puertorican descent, cuban and since the nineteen seventies, in different parts of the US,"
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"content" : "definitely central american communities, especially in the so~, in Texas, #er in the south, and east coast and California. #um The other term that people use often is that of Hispanics, which is a much broader term"
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"content" : "and Hispanics are first people who are either a spanish or spanish american descent with no, not necessarily a relationship with the United States. So it's a very incredibly broad and expansive term."
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"content" : "So this is what, what I would say then Latinos and is specifically referring to people who live in the United States. And we're raised for the most part in the United States. And I've experienced that process of racialization."
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"content" : "So the two models that I wanna talk about and and thinking about race and how Latinos might co~ complicate the way we talk about diversity, #er are one of course, the way we think about race in the US and the way we think about it in Latin America."
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"content" : "And each has its own very complex history. And so here, of course, I want you to understand that I'm kind of co~ #um collapsing the complexity of it for the for the sake of this presentation. So what is what I mean by racialization, it has two processes."
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"content" : "One is rhetorical, or we in academia, we might use a word ideological. That is, it's a practice that develops over time, it's about ideas in which people are categorized as not being the same as another group of people"
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"content" : "and being seen as a different race, right. It's a rhetorical process that has a history to it, that sediments itself, and becomes ingrained in that society and that culture, and it changes over time. But it also has profoundly material consequences as well,"
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"content" : "that these people not only internalize it themselves, but other people who see other people as different races also begin to believe that there are there's such a thing as distinct races, right, so that it manifests itself in material ways,"
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"content" : "as in, for example, #er not allowing certain people #um full citizenship rights, or access to education, #er which has, of course, profound consequences, in terms of the life chances of individuals."
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"content" : "So this is what I mean by racialization, right as a rhetorical process, and has material consequences, but it's also uneven. The history racialization of Latinos is quite different in the US,"
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"content" : "#um in that there's different experiences for Mexicans #um who lived for the most part in the southwest, of course, also in the midwest, versus Puerto Ricans from the island, and then also those who lived in the midwest and the east coast. So there are different"
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"content" : "profoundly different experiences of this history of racialization. #um [no-speech] So that so the difference in when we think about Latinos and Latin Americans, is that Latin Americans have come to the US as adults"
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"content" : "have, for the most part not experienced the pernicious effects of racialization that, for example, a child would experience here, so they come and experienced racism here in the US, but they have a very different set of pools to be able to protect themselves"
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"content" : "from that kind of language or that treatments of being #er #er a racism. [breath] So what are some of the major differences in between the US and Spanish America in terms of thinking of race."
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"content" : "#er In here, #er again, I'm revealing my very historical way of thinking. So we can go back actually to the the profound differences between the US and Spanish, Latin America, go back to the protestant reformation."
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"content" : "The differences that is between protestants and catholics. [breath] The protestant reformation argued that some people could be saved, while others would not be saved. And the individuals had to work for themselves individually"
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"content" : "to make sure that they were saved by God that they were selected, right, which meant then that there will be other people who will not be saved, right. There are consequences, a long history here, the relationship between religion and and race in the US is quite"
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"content" : "#er #er #er very complicated, but we can see the way this is translated in terms of the way we think about race in the US, in that there are certain people who are seen as not racialized and some people who are seen as racialized."
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"content" : "Right, so that those who are seen as different races thinking historically here, the nineteenth century, especially up until the civil rights movement, those are seen as being racialized that is preferred in the US the history of it is what we're quite familiar with is that of African Americans, native Americans"
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"content" : "and to some extent, may be somewhat familiar of history of Latinos. So they were excluded from participating as full citizens, right. People of different races were excluded from #er fully living in harboring that society with those other people who were elected."
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"content" : "Right, to participate in that society. This also means that there was a very profound, elaborate legal structure that went along with this history to ensure that people were separate from other people, right. We're quite familiar with the legal history of this,"
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"content" : "and ((Jim Crow)) segregation as well. [breath] But what means what this means in in terms of undoing that history of racism is that people actually use [noise] that same language of racism, of legal history of racism to undo that."
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"content" : "So they turn to the courts to undo that history of racism. Which means then, that the way people think about race in the United States is it's quite intricate, intricately related to the way one thinks about oneself, right."
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"content" : "who you are is something that is also deeply related to the question of race, to gender, and #er to some extent, #er #um sexuality class is something that is not as a profound important kind of component"
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"content" : "to the way individuals think about themselves in the United, United States. [no-speech] So then, as a result, and because of this history, this ((refer)) what scholars described as #er #um a reverse formation."
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"content" : "right, there was a history of racism that separated people, but then that language was used in order to make certain claims to riots, riots as different, #er different racial ethnic groups, right?"
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"content" : "So that was turned around. We had the movement in the sixties and seventies, a civil rights movement, where people the the slogan that most people are familiar with is that of black is beautiful, right, which has had profound #um psychological #er #er impact as well"
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"content" : "in affirming the culture of of people of color, as well. But it also had this sense of int~. #er #er naturalizing, and continuing that sense of different distinct races."
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"content" : "So there is a lot less of a history in the United, United States of embracing and celebrating miscegenation, right the mixing of different cultures in different ethnic groups in the United States. [no-speech] So how is this different than from Spanish America"
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"content" : "or Latin America. #um Miscegenation or racial mixing was part of the Spanish colonization from the very beginning. #um There is a very long history of #er miscegenation in Latin America"
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"content" : "where there was a very complex racial hierarchy that was created. One that #er there were upto, thirty categories #er that included spaniards, creoles, ((missises)), mulatos, #er blacks, asians,"
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"content" : "native Americans, and it ex expanded it was #uh #uh quite elaborate hierarchy. [breath] But the sense of race in Latin America was connected to the sense of honor to a sense of the familial lineage to socio economic background,"
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"content" : "#um educational background, and also the way one carries oneself the way one acts in society, [breath] right. So it means that it was also a fluid category. So there are examples in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and even into the twentieth century,"
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"content" : "where people were able to buy the racial caste position, right, they will be able to buy their position in that society and were able to move #er #er around in that in that social world. The most important thing is that there was no comparable"
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"content" : "#er elaborate juridical structure in Latin America, compared to that of the United States. It was a de facto segregation. There were definitely some laws. But the comparison there is one is is is quite remarkable,"
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"content" : "right. The the differences is quite remarkable. [breath] The other difference here between Latin America and US and thinking about race is also the religious component, right? So if we think of protestant, #um protestant reformation,"
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"content" : "#er in its arguments that only some people will be saved, and they had to practice and add certain kinds of ways to reveal the fact that God had saved them. In the Catholic world, the argument was that everyone was saved, everyone could be saved"
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"content" : "if they practice catholicism, right. So that meant that there was a sense of a community in which everyone was included in it. But there was also a sense of a hierarchy. That was part of the community. There was a, there was a sense of #er #er"
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"content" : "#er of people who would be #um who could be saved but there were also definitely those who were at the top, the Spaniards, the Europeans, and then as the racial hierarchy going to the bottom"
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"content" : "But the fact that there was no legal history of #er racism #er of of race in Latin America means that there was then no comparable or related history of people using the ports to undo that history of racism that does exist in Latin America."
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"content" : "And the the consequence for this is that there are different ways of thinking about yourself in Latin America, and race is not as strong #er #er components of thinking about identity in Latin America. The way it compares to the United States."
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"content" : "This is not to say that phenotype is not important or that there is no sense of racism #er in Latin America, but the way individual thinks about themselves internally the way they would describe themselves to other people, race would not be the first thing that comes up for them."
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"content" : "So, then what does this mean then for Latinos in the United States today. [no-speech] So in #um #um in so instead of rights, the way we think about rights in the United States"
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"content" : "is that it is indirectly related to a sense of individual rights, right legal rights that we have as individuals in the US, but in Latin America, we do not there is no comparable history of rights in that sense. Instead, we what is often used"
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"content" : "is a concept of the people right the pueblo which does not have a common or an easy translation into into English. #um Pueblo can be translated into literally means town, but it also means the people."
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"content" : "Right, it's this collective sense of a collective entity. And this is the way people when they mobilize the sense of the pueblo and there's a scene from the Chicano movement from the sixties and seventies, that maybe some of you might be familiar with"
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"content" : "(()) the people united will never be divided, but people does not carry the same weight or power that pueblo does, right, because the people itself has a sense of"
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"content" : "#er #er is the plural of persons right and distinct individuals. But pueblo itself cannot be divided into individual components, right. There is a much more stronger sense of a communal sense of identity and sense of thinking of rights"
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"content" : "in, in Latin America. [no-speech] So the way Latinos and I will argue, think about themselves and their sense of community is definitely one that is concentric, right. It's definitely one that is regional."
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"content" : "Right. The concept in Latin America is that of the ((Patria Chica)), that is people identified from ((either weather)) town or my example for is that #er I'm from Texas, right? So I would define myself or describe myself as the ((Hano))"
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"content" : "In Mexico, I would say my family was from (()). [breath] So it's that sense of a concentric sense of thinking about yourself, that of your family, community, region, and then nation."
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"content" : "But what's unique about Latin America is that there is also this other larger sense of belonging that transcends the nation itself, [breath] that of thinking of yourself as a Spanish language individual of Latin America."
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"content" : "And something that definitely facilitates that sense of belonging that transcends the nation is definitely today what we think what we're familiar with is that of television, right? Soap operas,"
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"content" : "people can easily see the soap opera, this is something that is incredibly popular in Latin America, but these are produced easily in Colombia or in Mexico, and they're seen throughout Latin America, which helps foster the sense of a larger sense of belonging to this community."
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"content" : "Even while, you acknowledged that there are differences within it, right? So in that sense, it's concentric in that kind of way. [no-speech] So, in the, #um so stigma then definitely is assigned to questions of phenotype and race."
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"content" : "But it's also just as and perhaps maybe even more so that of class in socio-economic background that is seen in Latin America often as being quite naturalized, right. That is that you come from a certain kind of pedigree"
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"content" : "#um [breath] is that they will definitely bring with them this different way of thinking about racial mixture of (()) and perhaps through reading some of their texts. My, [breath] #er what I would argue some with my students,"
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"content" : "but also even through media through movies or #um #um music, right? This different way of belonging, in which the complexity of race whether Latinos could be, of course of indigenous descent of African descent, Asian descent"
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"content" : "in all those different mixtures is one in which people think of themselves as definitely multicultural. But where race is not rooted in phenotype in in blood quantum, all right? So it's a way of thinking about diversity index and celebrating that sense of cultural"
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"content" : "difference. But also being aware with aware and familiar with the specific historical experiences of those communities in the United States, so that we can think about Latinos in the Unites States"
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"content" : "But this however, I mean, is more of a question for sociologists or even especially for you of answering this question of how you can actually use this knowledge in the corporate world. [breath] I'm not as familiar with the kind of questions that you're all engaged with,"
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"content" : "but I'm hoping that during our Q&A we'll be able to address this question and to be able to translate our ideas a little bit more. [breath] So thank you very much. [applause]"
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